Buddhism has evolved into several branches with their own interpretations of Buddha’s teachings, practices, and rituals. Here are the main branches:
1. Theravada Buddhism:
– Often referred to as the “School of the Elders.”
– Focuses on the Pali Canon as its primary scripture.
– Emphasizes individual enlightenment and the monastic path.
– Predominant in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, and Cambodia.
2. Mahayana Buddhism:
– Known as the “Great Vehicle.”
– Introduces the concept of Bodhisattvas—beings who seek enlightenment both for themselves and for all sentient beings.
– Includes a vast array of scriptures and sutras beyond the Pali Canon.
– Found in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan.
3. Vajrayana Buddhism:
– Also known as Tantric Buddhism or the “Diamond Vehicle.”
– Incorporates Mahayana teachings and adds esoteric practices and rituals.
– Emphasizes the use of mantras, mudras, and mandalas.
– Predominant in Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan, and parts of Russia and Northern India.
4. Zen Buddhism:
– A branch of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation (zazen) and direct insight.
– Focuses on the experience of enlightenment rather than doctrinal knowledge.
– Major schools include Soto, Rinzai, and Obaku.
– Prominent in Japan, with substantial presence in the West.
5. Pure Land Buddhism:
– Another major school within Mahayana Buddhism.
– Focuses on devotion to Amitabha Buddha and the aspiration to be reborn in the Pure Land, a place where enlightenment is more easily attained.
– Popular in East Asia, particularly in Japan, China, and Taiwan.
6. Tiantai Buddhism:
– Based on the Lotus Sutra and other texts, emphasizing the concept that all beings have the potential for enlightenment.
– Developed in China and influential in Korea and Japan.
7. Nichiren Buddhism:
– Founded by the 13th-century Japanese monk Nichiren, emphasizing the Lotus Sutra as the supreme scripture.
– Practitioners chant the phrase “Nam-myoho-renge-kyo” for devotion and enlightenment.
– Has various schools, with a significant international following.
8. Shingon Buddhism:
– A form of Vajrayana Buddhism that developed in Japan.
– Utilizes rituals, mandalas, and mantras similar to Tibetan Buddhism.
– Emphasizes the attainment of enlightenment in this very body.
These branches represent the diverse ways in which the fundamental teachings of Buddhism have been interpreted and practiced over the centuries, adapting to cultural and historical contexts.